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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that the natural processes of living organisms can lead to their development over time. This includes the development of new species and transformation of the appearance of existing ones.

A variety of examples have been provided of this, including various varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can live in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to particular host plants. These are mostly reversible traits can't, however, be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all living organisms that inhabit our planet for many centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection theory is the best-established explanation. This is because individuals who are better-adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. As time passes, the number of individuals who are well-adapted grows and 에볼루션 코리아 eventually develops into a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three factors: variation, inheritance and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity of an animal species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to his or her offspring, which includes both dominant and recessive alleles. Reproduction is the process of generating viable, fertile offspring. This can be achieved via sexual or asexual methods.

All of these elements have to be in equilibrium for natural selection to occur. If, for instance, a dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and live longer than the recessive allele The dominant allele will become more prevalent in a population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. This process is self-reinforcing, which means that an organism with an adaptive trait will live and reproduce much more than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The more fit an organism is which is measured by its ability to reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it can produce. Individuals with favorable characteristics, such as having a long neck in the giraffe, or bright white color patterns on male peacocks are more likely than others to reproduce and survive and eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection is only a force for populations, not individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits through use or disuse. For instance, if the giraffe's neck gets longer through stretching to reach prey its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The differences in neck length between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck gets too long that it can not breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of a gene are randomly distributed within a population. In the end, only one will be fixed (become common enough to no more be eliminated through natural selection), and the other alleles drop in frequency. In extreme cases, this leads to a single allele dominance. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small group it could result in the complete elimination the recessive gene. This is known as the bottleneck effect. It is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs whenever an enormous number of individuals move to form a population.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe like an outbreak or mass hunting event are confined to an area of a limited size. The remaining individuals will be mostly homozygous for 에볼루션 무료체험 룰렛 (Dideriksen-Sutton-2.Mdwrite.Net) the dominant allele which means that they will all have the same phenotype, and therefore have the same fitness characteristics. This could be caused by war, earthquakes or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, if left, could be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh and Ariew define drift as a departure from the expected value due to differences in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins who are both genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, 에볼루션 코리아 but the other lives to reproduce.

This kind of drift can play a crucial part in the evolution of an organism. It is not the only method of evolution. Natural selection is the most common alternative, where mutations and 에볼루션 코리아 migration maintain the phenotypic diversity of a population.

Stephens asserts that there is a major difference between treating drift as a force, or a cause and treating other causes of evolution, such as selection, mutation and migration as forces or causes. Stephens claims that a causal process model of drift allows us to distinguish it from other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift has a direction, that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a magnitude, that is determined by population size.

Evolution by Lamarckism

Students of biology in high school are often exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, commonly referred to as "Lamarckism which means that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms inheriting characteristics that are a product of the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher branches in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, who would then become taller.

Lamarck, a French Zoologist from France, presented an idea that was revolutionary in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the previous thinking on organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material through a series gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the first to suggest this but he was regarded as the first to provide the subject a thorough and general treatment.

The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection and Lamarckism were competing in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won, leading to the development of what biologists now call the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be acquired through inheritance and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, like natural selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries believed in the idea that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this idea was never a key element of any of their theories on evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It's been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and, in the age of genomics there is a vast amount of evidence to support the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is sometimes called "neo-Lamarckism" or, more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a version of evolution that is as valid as the more well-known neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a sort of struggle to survive. This is a false assumption and ignores other forces driving evolution. The fight for survival can be more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment, which can include not just other organisms, but also the physical environment itself.

To understand how evolution works, it is helpful to consider what adaptation is. It is a feature that allows a living thing to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological structure such as fur or feathers or a behavioral characteristic such as a tendency to move into shade in hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid cold.

The survival of an organism is dependent on its ability to obtain energy from the environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism must have the right genes to create offspring, and must be able to locate sufficient food and other resources. Furthermore, the organism needs to be capable of reproducing at an optimal rate within its environmental niche.

These factors, along with mutation and gene flow, lead to a change in the proportion of alleles (different varieties of a particular gene) in a population's gene pool. The change in frequency of alleles could lead to the development of new traits, and eventually, new species over time.

Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations. For instance, lungs or gills that draw oxygen from air, fur and feathers as insulation, long legs to run away from predators and camouflage to conceal. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physical characteristics like thick fur and gills are physical traits. Behavior adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or retreat into shade during hot weather. It is also important to remember that a the absence of planning doesn't make an adaptation. Failure to consider the consequences of a decision even if it seems to be rational, could cause it to be unadaptive.