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The Berkeley Evolution Site
Teachers and students who visit the Berkeley site will find resources to assist them in understanding and teaching evolution. The resources are organized into optional learning paths like "What did T. rex taste like?"
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection explains that over time creatures that are more adaptable to changing environments thrive, and those that do not become extinct. Science is concerned with this process of biological evolution.
What is Evolution?
The term "evolution" can have a variety of meanings that are not scientific. For example, it can mean "progress" and "descent with modifications." Scientifically it is a term used to describe a changing the characteristics of organisms (or species) over time. In terms of biology the change is caused by natural selection and genetic drift.
Evolution is the central tenet of modern biology. It is a concept that has been verified by a myriad of scientific tests. Unlike many other scientific theories, such as the Copernican theory or the germ theory of disease, the evolution theory does not address questions of religion or the existence of God.
Early evolutionists, like Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Erasmus Darwin (Charles's grandfather), believed that certain physical traits were predetermined to change in a step-like way, over time. They referred to this as the "Ladder of Nature" or the scala naturae. Charles Lyell used the term to describe this concept in his Principles of Geology, first published in 1833.
Darwin published his theory of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species which was written in the early 1800s. It asserts that all species of organisms share an ancestry that can be traced through fossils and other evidence. This is the modern view of evolution, which is supported by numerous lines of research in science, including molecular genetics.
While scientists do not know exactly how organisms evolved but they are certain that the evolution of life on earth is the result of natural selection and genetic drift. Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, and these individuals transmit their genes to the next generation. Over time this leads to an accumulation of changes in the gene pool, which eventually lead to new species and types.
Certain scientists also use the term"evolution" to refer to large-scale changes in evolutionary processes, such as the formation of the new species from an ancestral species. Certain scientists, such as population geneticists define evolution in a broad sense, referring to the net change in the frequency of alleles across generations. Both definitions are valid and reliable however some scientists believe that the allele-frequency definition is missing crucial aspects of the evolutionary process.
Origins of Life
The birth of life is a key stage in evolution. The beginning of life takes place when living systems start to evolve at a micro scale, for instance within cells.
The origin of life is an important subject in many areas that include biology and chemistry. The nature of life is an area of interest in science, as it challenges the theory of evolution. It is often referred to as "the mystery of life," or "abiogenesis."
The notion that life could be born from non-living things was called "spontaneous generation" or "spontaneous evolutionary". It was a common belief prior to Louis Pasteur's tests showed that the development of living organisms was not possible through a natural process.
Many scientists still think it is possible to move from nonliving to living substances. However, the conditions required are extremely difficult to replicate in labs. Researchers interested in the evolution and origins of life are also keen to know the physical properties of the early Earth as well as other planets.
The growth of life is also dependent on a series of complex chemical reactions that are not predicted by the basic physical laws. These include the reading of long, information-rich molecules (DNA or RNA) into proteins that carry out a function, and the replication of these intricate molecules to generate new DNA or sequences of RNA. These chemical reactions are often compared with the chicken-and-egg problem of how life came into existence in the first place. The emergence of DNA/RNA and protein-based cell machinery is crucial for the beginning of life, however, without the emergence of life, the chemical process that allows it does not appear to work.
Research in the area of abiogenesis requires collaboration between scientists from various fields. This includes prebiotic chemists the astrobiologists, the planet scientists geophysicists, geologists, 바카라 에볼루션 and 에볼루션 바카라사이트 geophysicists.
Evolutionary Changes
The term "evolution" today is used to describe gradual changes in genetic traits over time. These changes may result from adaptation to environmental pressures as described in the entry on Darwinism (see the entry on Charles Darwin for background) or may result from natural selection.
This latter mechanism increases the frequency of genes that offer a survival advantage in the species, 에볼루션 블랙잭 leading to an overall change in the appearance of a group. These evolutionary changes are triggered by mutations, reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and 에볼루션 게이밍 - Fsquan8.Cn - the flow of genes.
While reshuffling and mutations of genes occur in all living organisms and the process by which beneficial mutations are more prevalent is referred to as natural selection. This happens because, as mentioned above, those individuals with the advantageous trait are likely to have a higher reproduction rate than those who do not have it. Over many generations, this variation in the numbers of offspring born can result in a gradual shift in the average number of beneficial characteristics in a particular population.
This is evident in the evolution of various beak shapes on finches from the Galapagos Islands. They have developed these beaks so they can get food more easily in their new habitat. These changes in the shape and form of organisms could also help create new species.
The majority of changes are caused by one mutation, although sometimes multiple occur simultaneously. The majority of these changes could be harmful or neutral, but a small number could have a positive impact on survival and reproduction and increase their frequency over time. This is the mechanism of natural selection, and it is able to, over time, produce the gradual changes that ultimately lead to an entirely new species.
Many people confuse the concept of evolution with the idea that traits inherited can be altered by conscious choice or by use and abuse, which is known as soft inheritance. This is a misunderstanding of the nature of evolution, and of the actual biological processes that cause it. It is more accurate to say that evolution is a two-step, independent process that involves the forces of natural selection as well as mutation.
Origins of Humans
Modern humans (Homo Sapiens) evolved from primates, which is a group of mammal species which includes gorillas and chimpanzees. Our ancestors walked on two legs, as evidenced by the first fossils. Genetic and biological similarities suggest that we share a close relationship with the chimpanzees. In actual fact, our closest relatives are chimpanzees of the Pan genus. This includes pygmy and bonobos. The last common ancestor of modern humans and chimpanzees was 8 to 6 million years old.
Humans have evolved a variety of traits throughout time such as bipedalism, use of fire and advanced tools. It is only within the last 100,000 years that we have developed the majority of our essential characteristics. They include a huge, complex brain and the capacity of humans to construct and use tools, as well as the diversity of our culture.
Evolution occurs when genetic changes allow members of an organization to better adapt to their environment. Natural selection is the mechanism that drives this change. Certain traits are preferred over others. Those with the better adaptations are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. This is the process that evolves all species and forms the foundation of the theory of evolution.
Scientists call it the "law of natural selection." The law states that species which have an ancestor in common will tend to develop similar traits over time. This is because these traits help them to survive and reproduce within their environment.
All organisms have a DNA molecule, which provides the information necessary to control their growth and development. The DNA molecule consists of base pairs arranged spirally around sugar molecules and phosphate molecules. The sequence of bases found in each strand determines the phenotype - the appearance and behavior of a person. Variations in a population are caused by mutations and reshufflings in genetic material (known collectively as alleles).
Fossils of the first human species, Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis, have been found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Although there are some differences the fossils all support the hypothesis that modern humans first came into existence in Africa. Genetic and fossil evidence also suggest that early humans moved out of Africa into Asia and then Europe.
