Difference between revisions of "The Three Greatest Moments In Free Pragmatic History"

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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each one another. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it differs from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research field it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a language academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the contexts and users of language usage, rather than on reference to truth, grammar, or. It examines the ways that an expression can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is a branch of linguistics or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and [https://www.i-igrushki.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&event3=&goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯] [https://www.rakulaser.com/trigger.php?r_link=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] ([http://kigyo.me/blog/?wptouch_switch=mobile&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F http://Kigyo.Me]) that it should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology,  [http://declarant.krafttrans.by/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프] syntax semantics and more. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and [http://bed-formula1.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&event3=&goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료] objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that particular events fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. For example certain scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which the utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance by demonstrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and sensible action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how language users interact and communicate with each other. It is often viewed as a part of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding as well as production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is utilized. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, [https://mypresspage.com/story3694000/20-fun-facts-about-pragmatic-game 프라그마틱 무료슬롯] their ranking is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on the number of publications they have. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice,  [https://highkeysocial.com/story3684283/the-people-who-are-closest-to-pragmatic-genuine-tell-you-some-big-secrets 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] ([https://fatallisto.com/story7975467/why-pragmatic-free-slots-is-the-best-choice-for-you Visit Fatallisto]) Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. For example philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it examines the way in which our beliefs about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued,  [https://enrollbookmarks.com/story18248045/three-greatest-moments-in-pragmatic-game-history 프라그마틱 이미지] for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study ought to be considered an independent discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, it's polite in some cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the speech and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they're the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two views and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach and [https://pragmatickr99876.ja-blog.com/30506903/what-not-to-do-when-it-comes-to-the-live-casino-industry 프라그마틱 무료스핀] argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these interpretations are valid. This is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For  [https://bookmarksusa.com/story18324218/do-not-believe-in-these-trends-concerning-pragmatic-product-authentication 라이브 카지노] example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.

Revision as of 12:39, 13 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy of practical and sensible action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how language users interact and communicate with each other. It is often viewed as a part of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a field of study it is comparatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding as well as production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is utilized. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, 프라그마틱 무료슬롯 their ranking is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on the number of publications they have. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 (Visit Fatallisto) Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. For example philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it examines the way in which our beliefs about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued, 프라그마틱 이미지 for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study ought to be considered an independent discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, like cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, it's polite in some cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the speech and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they're the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two views and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach and 프라그마틱 무료스핀 argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these interpretations are valid. This is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For 라이브 카지노 example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.