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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes that organisms go through can lead them to evolve over time. This includes the creation of new species and the change in appearance of existing ones.

Many examples have been given of this, including various varieties of stickleback fish that can be found in fresh or salt water and 에볼루션 룰렛 무료 바카라 - carlton-luna-3.Mdwrite.Net - walking stick insect varieties that favor specific host plants. These reversible traits do not explain the fundamental changes in basic body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The evolution of the myriad living creatures on Earth is a mystery that has intrigued scientists for centuries. The most widely accepted explanation is Darwin's natural selection, which occurs when individuals that are better adapted survive and reproduce more effectively than those that are less well adapted. As time passes, the number of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually forms a new species.

Natural selection is a cyclical process that involves the interaction of three elements that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. Sexual reproduction and mutations increase genetic diversity in the species. Inheritance is the transfer of a person's genetic characteristics to their offspring, which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the generation of fertile, viable offspring which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

All of these factors must be in balance to allow natural selection to take place. For instance, if the dominant allele of the gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more often than the recessive allele, the dominant allele will be more common within the population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or decreases the fertility of the population, it will disappear. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism that has an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive trait. The more offspring an organism produces, the greater its fitness which is measured by its ability to reproduce itself and live. People with good traits, like longer necks in giraffes or bright white colors in male peacocks are more likely to be able to survive and create offspring, which means they will become the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection is only a force for populations, not individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which argues that animals acquire characteristics through use or disuse. If a giraffe extends its neck to reach prey, and 에볼루션 무료체험 the neck becomes longer, then the offspring will inherit this trait. The difference in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe becomes unable to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, the alleles at a gene may reach different frequencies in a group by chance events. In the end, one will attain fixation (become so common that it is unable to be removed by natural selection), 에볼루션 while other alleles will fall to lower frequencies. This can lead to an allele that is dominant in extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small population, this could result in the complete elimination the recessive gene. This scenario is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that occurs when a large amount of people migrate to form a new group.

A phenotypic bottleneck could happen when the survivors of a catastrophe like an epidemic or mass hunting event, are condensed in a limited area. The surviving individuals will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele, which means that they will all share the same phenotype and will thus have the same fitness traits. This situation might be caused by war, earthquake or even a cholera outbreak. Regardless of the cause the genetically distinct group that remains could be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh, Lewens and Ariew define drift as a departure from expected values due to differences in fitness. They cite a famous example of twins that are genetically identical, have identical phenotypes, and yet one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.

This kind of drift could play a significant part in the evolution of an organism. This isn't the only method of evolution. The primary alternative is a process known as natural selection, in which phenotypic variation in the population is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens asserts that there is a huge distinction between treating drift as a force or cause, and treating other causes like migration and selection as causes and forces. He argues that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us differentiate it from other forces, and this distinction is essential. He also argues that drift has both a direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size which is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution through Lamarckism

Students of biology in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, commonly called "Lamarckism, states that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms by adopting traits that result from the use and abuse of an organism. Lamarckism is illustrated through the giraffe's neck being extended to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This would cause the necks of giraffes that are longer to be passed onto their offspring who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck the French zoologist, presented a revolutionary concept in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the conventional wisdom on organic transformation. In his view living things evolved from inanimate matter through an escalating series of steps. Lamarck wasn't the only one to suggest this, but he was widely regarded as the first to offer the subject a thorough and general overview.

The popular narrative is that Lamarckism grew into an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and that the two theories battled out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually triumphed, leading to the development of what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory denies that acquired characteristics can be passed down through generations and instead argues organisms evolve by the influence of environment elements, like Natural Selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries supported the notion that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this idea was never a central part of any of their theories about evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically validated.

However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics there is a huge amount of evidence to support the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. It is a variant of evolution that is just as valid as the more popular neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution by adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a sort of struggle to survive. This is a false assumption and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The struggle for survival is more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment, which can be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but also the physical environment.

Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to understand evolution. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows a living thing to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological structure such as feathers or fur or a behavioral characteristic such as a tendency to move to the shade during hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid cold.

The survival of an organism depends on its ability to obtain energy from the environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism should possess the right genes to create offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. The organism should also be able reproduce at an amount that is appropriate for its particular niche.

These factors, together with gene flow and mutations can result in an alteration in the ratio of different alleles in a population’s gene pool. This change in allele frequency could lead to the development of new traits and eventually, new species in the course of time.

A lot of the traits we find appealing in animals and plants are adaptations. For example lung or gills that extract oxygen from the air feathers and fur as insulation, long legs to run away from predators and camouflage for hiding. To understand the concept of adaptation, it is important to distinguish between behavioral and physiological characteristics.

Physiological traits like the thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. The behavioral adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade in hot weather. In addition, it is important to remember that lack of planning does not make something an adaptation. Failure to consider the effects of a behavior, even if it appears to be rational, may make it unadaptive.