Difference between revisions of "The Three Greatest Moments In Free Pragmatic History"

From Team Paradox 2102
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m
m
(7 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the connection between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must always abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often seen as a component of language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields like psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and [https://historydb.date/wiki/Comprehensive_List_Of_Pragmatic_Slot_Tips_Dos_And_Donts 프라그마틱 환수율] 슬롯 무료체험 ([https://telegra.ph/10-Best-Mobile-Apps-For-Pragmatic-Free-Game-12-16 simply click the up coming article]) the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. For  [https://sciencewiki.science/wiki/4_Dirty_Little_Details_About_Pragmatic_Free_Slots_Industry_Pragmatic_Free_Slots_Industry 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] 슬롯무료 ([https://fakenews.win/wiki/10_Tips_For_Pragmatic_Slot_Tips_That_Are_Unexpected https://fakenews.win/Wiki/10_Tips_For_Pragmatic_Slot_Tips_That_Are_Unexpected]) instance, some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of many of the debates. For instance, some researchers have argued that pragmatics is not an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This kind of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right because it examines the ways the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances and the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more detail. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that semantics already determines some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in various situations. In some cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being done in this field. The main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. This includes computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical characteristics as well as the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and  [https://wifidb.science/wiki/Do_You_Think_Pragmatic_Product_Authentication_Ever_Be_The_King_Of_The_World 프라그마틱 데모] that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two views and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This approach is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.
+
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and [https://noyabrsk.academica.ru/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 라이브 카지노] meaning. It deals with questions like what do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research area it is still young and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It is a linguistics academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in pragmatics research. However, their position differs based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the best pragmatics authors solely according to the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth grammar, reference, or. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine which utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it focuses on how our ideas about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people perceive and use the language, without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater detail. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of speakers. Relevance Theory, for example is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is acceptable in various situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic explanation of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they are the same.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two views and argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement has the literal truth conditional meaning,  [https://login.gg.pl/rd_login?IMToken=080611050027f2af941f100eeT2aWCZ1xKhSluFY&redirect_url=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] [http://dedalus.halservice.it/index.php/stats/track/trackLink/uuid/bfb4d9a1-7e16-4f05-bebd-e1e9e32add45?url=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯]체험 슬롯버프; [https://lantern.co.tz/lang/sw?return=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F Https://Lantern.Co.Tz], it's semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways that the expression can be understood and  [http://radiko.jp/v2/api/redirect?url=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 홈페이지] that all of these ways are valid. This method is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches trying to understand the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by describing how a speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 20:12, 24 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and 라이브 카지노 meaning. It deals with questions like what do people mean by the words they use?

It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a research area it is still young and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It is a linguistics academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

The research in pragmatics has focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in pragmatics research. However, their position differs based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the best pragmatics authors solely according to the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth grammar, reference, or. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine which utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it focuses on how our ideas about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.

The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people perceive and use the language, without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater detail. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.

Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of speakers. Relevance Theory, for example is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is acceptable in various situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.

In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic explanation of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they are the same.

It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two views and argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement has the literal truth conditional meaning, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯체험 슬롯버프; Https://Lantern.Co.Tz, it's semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways that the expression can be understood and 프라그마틱 홈페이지 that all of these ways are valid. This method is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches trying to understand the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by describing how a speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.