Difference between revisions of "The Three Greatest Moments In Free Pragmatic History"

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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the connection between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must always abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often seen as a component of language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields like psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and [https://historydb.date/wiki/Comprehensive_List_Of_Pragmatic_Slot_Tips_Dos_And_Donts 프라그마틱 환수율] 슬롯 무료체험 ([https://telegra.ph/10-Best-Mobile-Apps-For-Pragmatic-Free-Game-12-16 simply click the up coming article]) the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. For [https://sciencewiki.science/wiki/4_Dirty_Little_Details_About_Pragmatic_Free_Slots_Industry_Pragmatic_Free_Slots_Industry 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] 슬롯무료 ([https://fakenews.win/wiki/10_Tips_For_Pragmatic_Slot_Tips_That_Are_Unexpected https://fakenews.win/Wiki/10_Tips_For_Pragmatic_Slot_Tips_That_Are_Unexpected]) instance, some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of many of the debates. For instance, some researchers have argued that pragmatics is not an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This kind of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right because it examines the ways the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances and the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more detail. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that semantics already determines some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in various situations. In some cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being done in this field. The main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. This includes computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical characteristics as well as the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and  [https://wifidb.science/wiki/Do_You_Think_Pragmatic_Product_Authentication_Ever_Be_The_King_Of_The_World 프라그마틱 데모] that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two views and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This approach is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each one another. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it differs from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research field it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a language academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the contexts and users of language usage, rather than on reference to truth, grammar, or. It examines the ways that an expression can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is a branch of linguistics or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and [https://www.i-igrushki.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&event3=&goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯] [https://www.rakulaser.com/trigger.php?r_link=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] ([http://kigyo.me/blog/?wptouch_switch=mobile&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F http://Kigyo.Me]) that it should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology,  [http://declarant.krafttrans.by/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프] syntax semantics and more. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and  [http://bed-formula1.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&event3=&goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료] objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that particular events fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. For example certain scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which the utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance by demonstrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.

Revision as of 13:58, 12 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each one another. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it differs from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.

As a research field it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a language academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology and Anthropology.

There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics concentrates on the contexts and users of language usage, rather than on reference to truth, grammar, or. It examines the ways that an expression can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is a branch of linguistics or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and 프라그마틱 슬롯 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 (http://Kigyo.Me) that it should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프 syntax semantics and more. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.

There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.

The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also different views about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and 프라그마틱 무료 objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.

In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.

The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that particular events fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. For example certain scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which the utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance by demonstrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.