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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those who are interested in the sciences understand evolution theory and how it can be applied across all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a range of educational resources on evolution. It contains important video clips from NOVA and WGBH's science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that symbolizes the interconnectedness of life. It is seen in a variety of spiritual traditions and cultures as a symbol of unity and love. It also has many practical applications, like providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.<br><br>The first attempts to depict the world of biology were built on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which are based on the collection of various parts of organisms or  [https://wikimapia.org/external_link?url=https://click4r.com/posts/g/18830726/the-three-greatest-moments-in-evolution-korea-history 에볼루션 바카라 체험][https://www.metooo.it/u/6768669852a62011e854c7d2 에볼루션 바카라 무료]사이트 ([https://sovren.media/u/radishmilk90/ click here to read]) DNA fragments have greatly increased the diversity of a Tree of Life2. The trees are mostly composed by eukaryotes, and bacteria are largely underrepresented3,4.<br><br>Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to visualize the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Trees can be constructed using molecular techniques like the small-subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing. However there is a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is especially true of microorganisms, which can be difficult to cultivate and are usually only represented in a single specimen5. A recent study of all known genomes has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life,  [https://imoodle.win/wiki/10_Unexpected_Evolution_Free_Baccarat_Tips 에볼루션 룰렛] including a large number of archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a particular area and determine if particular habitats need special protection. The information can be used in a variety of ways, from identifying new medicines to combating disease to improving the quality of crops. This information is also valuable for conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify the areas most likely to contain cryptic species with potentially important metabolic functions that could be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While funds to protect biodiversity are important, the best method to protect the world's biodiversity is to empower the people of developing nations with the knowledge they need to act locally and promote conservation.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) shows the relationships between organisms. Scientists can create a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolution of taxonomic categories using molecular information and morphological similarities or differences. Phylogeny plays a crucial role in understanding genetics, biodiversity and evolution.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms that have similar traits and evolved from an ancestor with common traits. These shared traits may be homologous, or analogous. Homologous traits are the same in their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits may look like they are, but they do not have the same origins. Scientists combine similar traits into a grouping called a clade. For example, all of the organisms in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor that had eggs. The clades then join to form a phylogenetic branch to identify organisms that have the closest relationship to. <br><br>For a more detailed and precise phylogenetic tree scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships between organisms. This data is more precise than morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an individual or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to determine the age of evolution of organisms and identify how many species share an ancestor common to all.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationship can be affected by a variety of factors, including the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type behavior that changes due to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar in one species than another, clouding the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be cured by the use of techniques like cladistics, which incorporate a combination of analogous and homologous features into the tree.<br><br>Furthermore, phylogenetics may aid in predicting the time and pace of speciation. This information will assist conservation biologists in deciding which species to protect from the threat of extinction. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will lead to an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The central theme of evolution is that organisms develop distinct characteristics over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. A variety of theories about evolution have been developed by a wide variety of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who proposed that a living organism develop slowly according to its needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or misuse of traits causes changes that can be passed on to offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s &amp; 1940s, theories from various areas, including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance, came together to form a contemporary evolutionary theory. This defines how evolution happens through the variations in genes within a population and how these variants alter over time due to natural selection. This model, which encompasses genetic drift, mutations as well as gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described.<br><br>Recent developments in evolutionary developmental biology have revealed the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species by genetic drift, mutations and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and even migration between populations. These processes, as well as other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time) can result in evolution which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time and the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype in the individual).<br><br>Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education could increase students' understanding of phylogeny and evolution. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance, showed that teaching about the evidence for evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology class. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, look up The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past, analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. Evolution is not a past event, but an ongoing process. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new antibiotics and bacteria transform to resist antibiotics. Animals alter their behavior because of a changing world. The changes that result are often apparent.<br><br>But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The key to this is that different traits result in the ability to survive at different rates and reproduction, and they can be passed on from one generation to another.<br><br>In the past, if one particular allele - the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a population of interbreeding organisms, it might quickly become more common than other alleles. In time, this could mean that the number of moths with black pigmentation in a group may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to observe evolutionary change when the species, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has been tracking twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from one strain. The samples of each population have been taken frequently and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have passed.<br><br>Lenski's research has shown that mutations can drastically alter the rate at which a population reproduces and, consequently, the rate at which it changes. It also shows evolution takes time, a fact that is difficult for some to accept.<br><br>Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations that have used insecticides. This is due to the fact that the use of pesticides creates a selective pressure that favors individuals with resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapid pace at which evolution takes place has led to an increasing appreciation of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activity--including climate changes, pollution and the loss of habitats that hinder many species from adapting. 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