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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in science to learn about the theory of evolution and how it can be applied in all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides a wide range of sources for teachers, students, and general readers on evolution. It also includes important video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that symbolizes the interconnectedness of life. It is a symbol of love and unity in many cultures. It has many practical applications as well, including providing a framework for understanding the history of species, and how they respond to changing environmental conditions.<br><br>Early attempts to describe the biological world were based on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which relied on sampling of different parts of living organisms or on small fragments of their DNA, greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be included in the tree of life2. These trees are mostly populated of eukaryotes, while bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4.<br><br>In avoiding the necessity of direct experimentation and observation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. Particularly, molecular techniques enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>Despite the rapid expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing,  [https://click4r.com/posts/g/18823205/how-to-explain-evolution-casino-to-your-grandparents 에볼루션 사이트] much biodiversity still awaits discovery. This is especially relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and which are usually only present in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all known genomes has created a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated and which are not well understood.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, assisting to determine whether specific habitats require protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, from identifying new medicines to combating disease to enhancing the quality of crop yields. This information is also extremely valuable to conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify areas that are likely to be home to species that are cryptic,  [https://www.bioguiden.se/redirect.aspx?url=https://potts-peck-2.technetbloggers.de/whats-the-reason-youre-failing-at-evolution-free-experience 에볼루션 블랙잭]카지노사이트 ([https://click4r.com/posts/g/18819299/how-to-make-a-profitable-evolution-baccarat-site-entrepreneur-even-if Click4r.Com]) which could perform important metabolic functions and be vulnerable to the effects of human activity. Although funding to protect biodiversity are essential but the most effective way to protect the world's biodiversity is for more people in developing countries to be empowered with the knowledge to take action locally to encourage conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between different organisms. Using molecular data similarities and differences in morphology, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can create an phylogenetic tree that demonstrates the evolution of taxonomic groups. Phylogeny is crucial in understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms with similar traits and evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits are either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary path. Analogous traits may look like they are however they do not have the same ancestry. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping called a the clade. For instance, all the organisms that make up a clade share the trait of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor that had eggs. The clades are then linked to create a phylogenetic tree to identify organisms that have the closest connection to each other. <br><br>To create a more thorough and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships among organisms. This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolution history of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to calculate the age of evolution of living organisms and discover the number of organisms that share the same ancestor.<br><br>Phylogenetic relationships can be affected by a variety of factors, including the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type of behavior that changes in response to particular environmental conditions. This can make a trait appear more similar to one species than another and obscure the phylogenetic signals. However, this problem can be reduced by the use of methods such as cladistics which incorporate a combination of similar and homologous traits into the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics can help predict the duration and rate of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists in making choices about which species to save from disappearance. In the end, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is balanced and complete.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The main idea behind evolution is that organisms change over time due to their interactions with their environment. Several theories of evolutionary change have been developed by a variety of scientists such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve gradually according to its needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who developed the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or misuse of traits can cause changes that can be passed onto offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s &amp; 1940s, theories from various fields, such as natural selection, genetics &amp; particulate inheritance, were brought together to create a modern evolutionary theory. This defines how evolution occurs by the variation in genes within the population, and how these variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which is known as genetic drift mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is the foundation of modern evolutionary biology and can be mathematically described.<br><br>Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that variations can be introduced into a species by mutation, genetic drift and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and also by migration between populations. These processes, as well as others like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of the genotype over time) can lead to evolution that is defined as change in the genome of the species over time and the change in phenotype over time (the expression of the genotype in the individual).<br><br>Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education could increase students' understanding of phylogeny and evolutionary. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance demonstrated that teaching about the evidence for evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college biology class. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, please see The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Scientists have traditionally looked at evolution through the past, studying fossils, and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. But evolution isn't a thing that occurred in the past, it's an ongoing process, taking place right now. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics, viruses reinvent themselves and are able to evade new medications, and animals adapt their behavior to the changing environment. The changes that occur are often visible.<br><br>However, it wasn't until late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection could be seen in action, as well. The reason is that different traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be passed from one generation to the next.<br><br>In the past when one particular allele, the genetic sequence that defines color in a group of interbreeding organisms, it could rapidly become more common than the other alleles. In time, this could mean that the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>Monitoring evolutionary changes in action is much easier when a species has a rapid turnover of its generation like bacteria. Since 1988, biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain. samples of each are taken every day, and over 500.000 generations have passed.<br><br>Lenski's work has shown that mutations can alter the rate of change and the efficiency at which a population reproduces. It also shows that evolution takes time, a fact that some find difficult to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides show up more often in populations where insecticides are used. That's because the use of pesticides creates a selective pressure that favors people who have resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapidity of evolution has led to a growing awareness of its significance particularly in a world which is largely shaped by human activities. 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